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This is probably the most difficult part of this presentation... Suppose we have two functors, F,G: XY. A natural transformation φ: F → G is defined when for each object
x ∈ X there is an arrow φ(x): F(x) → G(x) in Y, and we have the following property:

  • for all f: a → b the equality is true: G(f) ∘ φ(a) = φ(b) ∘ F(f).

 F(a) F(f) F(b)
φ(a)  φ(b)
 G(a)  G(b)
G(f)

That's why it is called 'natural' - it acts consistently with the functors actions on arrows.